MLA+Citation

**MLA Bibliographic Style--A Brief Guide**
**The Modern Language Association** [|http://www.mla.org]. Check out the Citation Styles Online at http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/citex.html, the Guide for Writing Research Papers based on Modern
 * Download sample papers (MLA & APA styles): ** **Hacker & Fister's [|Research & Documentation Online]**


 * //** [|Bibme]: Free citation generator that pulls reference content from a database of resources. **//
 * //**Landmark's Citation Machine []**//
 * //** Noodle Tools Quick Cite [] **//

**Note: MLA recommends double spacing citations, but some teachers prefer citations single spaced. Please check with your teacher.**

Purdue University Online Writing Lab. "Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format." 2004. Purdue University. 16 Feb. 2005 <[]>.

=Format for the "WORKS CITED" section:=

**A Book By One Author**
Hopf, Margie. __The Sky Is the Limit.__ Philadelphia: McGraw Hill, 1997.

**Two or More Books by the Same Author**
Small, Chris. __ Please, Help Me Carry My Keys! __ Topeka: Rand, 1993. - - - . Don't Measure a Chemist by Her Size. New York: Feminist, 1993.

**A Book By Two Authors**
Drucker, Darla and Amy Jones. __ How to Survive Your Wedding. __ New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997.

**A Book by Three Authors** Simpson, Homer, Bugs Bunny, and Charlie Brown. __ Cartoon Life is a Drag __. Los Angeles: Warner Bros., 2004.

**A Book by a Corporate Author**
Abington High School Economics Department. __ Cooking with Spice __. New York: Scribners,1993.

**A Book with an Editor**
Kelly, Peter ed. __Fifty Years of Annie__ __ : An Anthology __. New York: Random House, 2001.

**A Work in an Anthology**
Smith, James. "The Physics of Sushi." __ The Fabulous Physics Paper __. Ed. Samuel Klein. Rome: Cambridge UP, 1854. 46-59.

**A Work (Essay, Story, etc.) in an Anthology Previously Published in Another Collection**
Girard, Rene. "Hamlet's Dull Revenge." __ Literary Theory / Renaissance Texts __. Ed. Patricia Parker and David Quint. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1986. 280-302. Rpt. in __ Major Literary __ __Characters: Hamlet.__ Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. 166-185.

**A Signed Article in a Reference Book**
Copaset, Sandra. "Zen and the Art of Wearing Blue and Khaki." __ Encyclopedia Americana. __ 2009 ed.

**An Unsigned Article in a Reference Book**
"Best Beards of All Time." __ Encyclopedia of Anatomy and Hair __. 15th ed. 1993.

**An Article From a Monthly or Bi-Monthly Periodical**
Ramsey, Pamela. "Where's My Smiley Face?" MacWorld Sept. 1997: 86-94.

**An Article from a Weekly or Biweekly Periodical**
Henry, Mary Ann. "Announcing Bus Changes With Flair." __ Time __ 4 July 1991: 17-76.

**A Signed Article from a Newspaper**
Goldberg, Grace. "The Inside Track: Alumni Life." Trojan Times 10 Oct. 1991: 17. Smith, Bob. “Schools Losing Ground.” __ USA Today __ 5 May 2001:5D.

**An Unsigned Article from a Newspaper**
"Striking a Pose With Sally Miles." __ New York Times __ 15 Oct. 1997, late ed. sec.: 35+.

**A Critical Analysis, Signed Excerpt / Previously Published Scholarly Article (Option #1)** (Check for your teacher's preferred option.)

R oss, Stephan S. "Tom Wolfe." Rpt. of "The Rhetoric of the Right Stuff." __Journal of General Education__ 33 (1981): 113-22. Rpt. in __ Contemporary __ __Literary Criticism. Ed. Daniel G. Marowski. 35: 458-460.__

**A Critical Analysis, Signed Excerpt (Option # 2)** (Check for your teacher's preferred option.) Ross, Stephan S. "Tom Wolfe." __Contemporary Literary Criticism__. Ed. Daniel G. Marowski. 35: 458-460.

**Facts on File**
"Berger's Greatest Speeches." __Facts on File World News Digest__ 3 Sept. 1998: 535.

**Films; Radio and Television Programs**
"Starring the Other Peggy Lee." __ Slightly Off Broadway--The Series __. Prod. Sheldon Wang. PBS. WNET, New York. 6 Aug. 1995. __ Making Creative Bookcovers __. Dir. Tom Martin. Videocassette. Clemens, 1997.

**Sound Recording**

Jones, Norah. "Don't Know Why." __ Come Away With Me __. Rec. 2001. Blue Note, 2002.

**Personal or Telephone Interview**

Craig, John. Personal interview. 23 Sept. 1994.

**Personal photograph (Good for your scanned images!)**
(Begin with a description of the photo. Do not use italics or quotation marks. Indicate who took the photo and the date it was taken.)

Grandpa Al at Home. Personal photograph by Susan Student. 28 May 2003.

**To document your sources, cite the author's name and the page number of the source in**
**parentheses at the end of the sentence, before the final period:**

Cell phone usage is up among people 65 and older (Neary 35).

**If the author's name is used in your sentence you may just refer to page numbers:**

Copaset argues that "yellow simply does not interact well with khaki" (45).

**In-text documentation** Long quotes in text: If your quotation runs more than four lines in your paper, set it off as a block quotation. Begin a new line and indent one inch from the left margin. A block quote does not require quotation marks. Although other types of punctuation are sometimes used, writers generally introduce a block quote with a colon. Unlike quoting in text, the ending punctuation in a block quote follows the text, not the parenthetic reference. Uniform standards are being developed to address the changes in information. Sites devoted to cybercitation issues are popping up all over the Web. These sites vary in their interpretation of how MLA applies to online sources, but the patterns in each example are similar. What is most important in documenting electronic resources, is to give the reader as much essential information as possible (e.g. author, title, publication data) to identify the source you are citing. Remember to check [|http://www.mla.org] for more information.

One of the most frequently asked questions these days is "How do I prepare a parenthetical note for a Web page if a Web page has no page numbers?" The MLA has an answer: "For any type of source, you must include information in your text that directs readers to the correct entry in the works-cited list. . . . Web documents generally do not have fixed page numbers or any kind of section numbering. **If your source lacks numbering, omit numbers from your parenthetical references.** If your source includes fixed page numbers or section numbering (such as numbering of paragraphs), cite the relevant numbers. Give the appropriate abbreviation before the numbers (Moulthrop pars. 19-20)." (Pars. is the abbreviation for paragraphs.) For a document on the Web, the page numbers of a printout should normally not be cited, because the pagination may vary in different printouts."

Online Resources
Format:

Author (if known). “Title of Page or Document.” __Title of the Site or Larger Work__. (if applicable).

Date of electronic publication, last update, or date of posting. Name of any Associated Institution. Date of download. < http://address/filename>.

Examples: Smith, George. “Science and the World Wide Web.” 8 June 1999.

__Southville High School Website__. 3 Oct. 2000. .

or Smith, George. “Graf Has Look of a Champion.” ESPNET SportsZone. 29 Aug. 1996.

.

Format: Author of article. Title of article. Title of Magazine Date of electronic publication. Date of access. .

Example: Smith, Jane. "Who Really Invented the Internet?" Web Weekly 26 Feb 2001. 4 May 2001. .

Author. “Title of Article.” Title of Reference Work. Edition or version (if available).

Date of electronic publication. __Title of Database or Online Service__. Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System (if appropriate). Date of access. < http://address/filename>.

Example:

Cook, Sarah Gibbard. “Berlin, Germany.” Encyclopedia Americana Online. Abington HS Lib. Mar. 1997. Grolier Online. 29 Feb. 1999. <[|http://grolier.go.com]>.

Format:

Author. “Article Title.” __Periodical Title__ Date of print publication (if available): pages.

__Database Name__ (if any). Publisher (if appropriate). Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of access..

Examples:

with volume and issue numbers: Shopper, Ima B. “The Magic of the Suburban Mall.” __Journal of American Geographers__ 53.4 (2008):

35-43. __JSTOR__. Abington HS Lib. 2 Dec. 2008 .

Inuko, Kitty. “Silencing the Feminine: Without a Mouth.” __Journal of Popular Culture__

5.6 (2008): 25-80. __Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center__. Gale. Abington  HS Lib. 24 Nov. 2008 .//

// without volume and issue: // // Clark, Charles S. "The FBI Under Fire." CQ Researcher 11 April 1997:315-22. Abington HS Lib. 3 Sept. 2008. . // //weekly magazine: // // Brown, Susan. “Writing the Perfect Paper.” __High School Weekly__ 12 Sept. 1996: 22. //

//EBSCOHost. ACCESS PA. 25 Nov. 2004.// // . //

//newspaper:// // Williams, Larry. “Speedy Internet May Spur Innovations.” //Philadelphia Inquirer

// 16 Aug. 1996: A03. Montgomery County Lib. 7 Dec. // // 2005.. //

// "Biggest Liner Plunges to the Bottom at 2:20 AM." __New York Times__ 16 Apr. 1912: // // 1-2. __ProQuest Historical Newspapers - Graphical__. ProQuest. 6 Jan. 2009 // // <[|http://hn.bigchalk.com]>. //



Format: Author. "Article Title." Original Source of Article Date of original source: pages.

Product Name. Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of access. <http://address/filename>.

Researcher example: Frick, Robert. "Investing in Medical Miracles." __Kiplinger's Personal Finance__

Feb. 1999: 80-87. __SIRS Knowledge Source: Researcher.__ (May substitute Renaissance or Government Reporter) Abington HS Lib. 25 July 1999. <http://sks.sirs.com/>.



Format: "Article Title." Original Source of the Article. Date of original source. Product Name. Publisher. Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of access.<http://address/filename>. Facts.com example: "Safe Drinking Water Act Signed." Facts On File World News Digest 22 Aug. 1996.

FACTS.com. Facts On File News Services. Abington HS Lib. 20 Jan. 2004. <[|http://www.2facts.com]>.

"Issues and Controversies: Racial Disparities." __Issues and Controversies On File__

13 Jan. 1996. FACTS.com__.__ Facts On File News Services. Abington HS Lib. 15 Nov. 2004. <[|http://www.2facts.com]>.

 Format for a periodical reference: Format: Author. "Article Title." Original Source of the Article Date of original source. Pages of original source. __Specific Database__ on __Larger Database__ (if appropriate). Gale Group. Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of access. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>.

Example: Brown, Charlie. "My Life in Cartoons." Cartoon Week 21 Nov. 1999: 7-12. __General Reference Center__ __Gold.__ Gale Group. Abington HS Lib. 15 Dec. 2003. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>. Format for an article that appeared in a book: Format: Author. "Article Title." __Title of Book.__ City of Publication: Publisher, Date. Pages. __Specific Database on__ __GaleNet__ on Larger Database (if appropriate). Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of access. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>.

Format for a reference article (not previously published):

Format: Author (if provided). "Article Title." __Specific Database__ on __Student Resource Center__. Gale Group. Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System.

Date of access. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>.

Example: "Classical Greek Civilization, 2000 B.C.-300 B.C." __DISCovering World History__ on __Student__ __Resource Center__. Gale Group. Abington HS Lib. 12 Oct. 2004. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>.

or "Dean Koontz." __DISCovering Authors Modules__ on __Student Resource Center__. Gale Group. Abington HS Lib. 3 Dec. 2000. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>.

Format for a republished journal essay:

Format:

Author (if provided). "Article Title." __Original Source of Article__ Date of original source: Pages of original source. __Specific Gale Database__ on __Larger Database__ (if appropriate). Gale Group. Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of access. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>. Example: Levin, Harry. "Wonderland Revisited." __The Kenyon Review__ Autumn, 1965: 591-93. Contemporary

__Literary Criticism Select__ on __Literature Resource Center__. Gale Group. Abington HS Lib. 13 Oct. 2004. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>. or (when you have volume and issue numbers) Jone, Bruce. "Steinbeck Redux." __Springfield Literary Review__ 55(3): 591-93. Contemporary

__Literary Criticism Select__ on __Literature Resource Center__. Gale Group. Abington HS Lib. 3 Mar. 2004. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>. or Berger, Carol. "Profile of a Basketball Great." __Sports in Philadelphia__ 12 Nov. 1999. __Biography__

__Resource Center__. Gale Group. Abington HS. Lib. 20 Dec. 2004. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>.

Format for a journal article republished from a multi-volume reference series: Author (if provided). "Article Title." __Original Source of Article__. Editor. Volume: Pages of original source. __Specific Gale Database on Larger Database__ (if appropriate). Gale Group. Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of access. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>.

Examples: Sturber, Robert. "Imagery in Great Expectations." __Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism__. Ed. Carol Packard. 26: 235-50. __Literature Resource Center__. Gale Group. Abington HS Lib. 23 Jan. 2003. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>. Shostak, Debra. "Plot as Repetition: John Irving's Narrative Experiments." __Critique 37__ (Fall 1995): 51-70. __Novels for Students__ on __Literature Resource Center__. Gale Group. Abington HS Lib. 5 Jan. 2004. <[|http://galenet.galegroup.com]>.

Bloom, Harold. __Major Literary Characters: Hamlet__. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. __netLibrary__. ACCESS PA. 5 May 2004. <[|http://www.netlibrary.com]>. If you are citing a chapter or section of the e-book: Kirsch, Arthur. "Hamlet's Grief." ELH 48.1 (1981): 17–36. Rpt. in __Major Literary Characters: Hamlet__. By Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. __netLibrary__. ACCESS PA. 5 May 2004. <[|http://www.netlibrary.com]> or if your teacher does not require original publishing information for a previously published article: Kirsch, Arthur. "Hamlet's Grief." __Major Literary Characters: Hamlet__. By Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. __netLibrary__. ACCESS PA. 5 May 2004. <[|http://www.netlibrary.com]>

Format: Author (if provided). "Article Title." __Original Source of Article__. Date of original source. Pages of original source (if available). __Specific Database__ on __WilsonWeb__. Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of access. <http://vweb.hwwilsonweb.com/>. Example: "Edward Albee." __Current Biography__. 1996. __Biography Reference Bank__. ACCESS PA. 15 Dec. 2004. <http://vweb.hwwilsonweb.com/>.

Format: "Book: Section: Article Title." Date of Original Source. __Name of Database__. Apex Learning. Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System. Date of Access. <http://www.beyondbooks.com/>. Example: "Shakespeare: Shakespeare's London: Women." 13 March 2003. __Beyond Books.com__. Apex Learning. Abington HS Lib. 31 March 2003. <http://www.beyondbooks.com/sha91/1f.asp>.

Format: Name of Author (if available). “Title of article.” Title of Journal or Newspaper Publication

information for printed source. Title of Database. Publication medium CD-ROM. Name of Vendor (if relevant). Electronic publication date.

Example: Nethead, Jane. “Email Rules.” __New York Times__ 15 November 1995, late ed.: B3.

New York Times Ondisc. CD-ROM. UMI-Proquest. Jan. 1996.

(Warning: Though many style sheets advise listing personal e-mail addresses in a citation, there is the danger of violating the privacy of the author or the recipient. The MLA Handbook does not recommend including addresses.) Format: Sender's Last Name, First Name. “Subject Line from Posting.” Day Month Year of Posting. Personal e-mail. (or E-mail to recipient's name.) Day Month Year of Access. Example : Smith, William. "Trial results." 12 Jan. 1999. E-mail to John Henry. 29 May 1999.

Format: Author (if given). "Subject of Message." Date of posting. Online posting. Name of Discussion List. Access date. <URL or email address of the list.>. Example: Williams, Jim. “Computer to T.V. Screen.” 6 August 1995. Online posting. Global Technology Discussion Group. 21 Nov. 1999. <[|http://www.gtdg.org]> or <listserv@citation.edu.>.

 Format: Name of Speaker. (if available). "Description of the event." Date of session or event. Forum of the communication. Date of access.<Web or network address>. Example: Yente, Ima. "Online discussion of future fuels." 24 Oct. 1997. EnvironMOO. 28 June 2000. <telnet:IRC@envirosite.edu>.

/ Online images Format: Artist if Available. "Description or Title of Image." Online image. Date of image. Title of Larger Site. Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System (if appropriate). Name of organization (if appropriate). Date of download. <[|http://address.website.org]>.

Example: "Mars Landing." Online image. 3 Nov. 1999. __NASA: Solar System Exploration__. NASA. 4 Oct. 2006. <http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Pluto&Display=Gallery>. or Weaver, Bruce. "Challenger Explosion." Online image. 28 Jan. 1986. AP Photo Archive.

ACCESS PA. 30 Jan. 1999. <http://accuweather.ap.org/cgi-bin/aplaunch.pl>.

Lastname, Firstname, "Title of individual blog entry." [Weblog entry.] Name of Weblog. Sponsoring organization if any. Date posted. (URL) Date accessed.

"Superman." __Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia__. 21 Aug. 2006. Wikimedia Foundation. 22 Aug. 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superman&oldid=70920527>.

Online sound Format: Creator if Available. "Description or Title of Sound." Date of Sound. Online sound. Title of Larger Site. Date of download. <[|http://address.website.org]>. Example: "This Week's Saturday Radio Address." 25 Oct. 1998. Online sound. Whitehouse Briefing Room. 23 Oct. 2000. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/html/briefroom.html>.

Online video clip Format: "Description or Title of Video Clip." Date of clip. Online video clip. Title of Larger Site.

Name of Providing Library, Consortium or Library System (if appropriate). Date of download. <[|http://address.website.org]>.

Example: "Hindenburg Broadcast." 6 May 1937. Online video clip. Encarta Online Deluxe. Abington HS Lib. 4 Nov. 2000. <http://encarta.msn.com/encarta/MediaMax.asp?z>.

Style information based on: Gibaldi, Joseph. __MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.__ 6th ed. New York: Modern Language

Association, 2003.

[|MLA Formatting and Style Guide - The OWL at Purdue University]

[|Ohio State University MLA Citation Guide]